Which of the following can provide information that helps establish probable cause?

• A. Eye witness
• B. Confidential informant
• C. Fellow officer
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Probable cause depends on information that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has occurred or is about to occur. Information can come from multiple sources, including eyewitnesses who observed events firsthand, confidential informants who provide tips based on their knowledge, and fellow officers who relay information from investigations or other sources. Each source has value, and when their information is evaluated together under the totality of the circumstances—with attention to reliability and any corroboration—they can collectively establish probable cause. Because all of these sources can contribute information that helps establish probable cause, the correct choice is all of the above.