Information supplied by other people that help establish probable cause includes which of the following?

• A. Eye witness
• B. Confidential informant
• C. Fellow officer
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Information used to establish probable cause can come from multiple people, not only what an officer personally observes. An eye witness provides firsthand observations of facts that suggest involvement in a crime. A confidential informant can supply information based on knowledge they claim to have, with credibility and basis of knowledge evaluated by the officer. A fellow officer can relay observations or investigative findings from another part of the department. When these sources converge on the same facts or are corroborated, they can collectively meet the reasonable belief standard needed for probable cause. Because all these types of information can contribute, all of the above.